| Citation: |
Yi Yang, Lei Xu, Chong Yan, Jiaqi Huang, Qiang Zhang. Towards the intercalation and lithium plating mechanism for high safety and fast-charging lithium-ion batteries: a review[J]. Energy Lab, 2023, 1(1): 220011. doi: 10.54227/elab.20220011
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Towards the intercalation and lithium plating mechanism for high safety and fast-charging lithium-ion batteries: a review
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Abstract
The ever-increasing demand of portable electronics and electric vehicles has consistently promoted the development of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) in the direction of higher energy density, higher safety, and faster charging. However, present high-energy LIBs are insufficient to sustain extra-fast power input without adverse consequences, which is mainly affected by the lithium (Li) plating on graphite electrode. The goal of this review is to enable graphite anode to support higher current and improve safety by ameliorating undesired Li plating from fundamentals and detections. Hence, the interaction, containing solid electrolyte interphase formation, Li+ intercalation/plating behavior, between graphite and Li+ be discussed in depth. Besides, the cognitive process of Li+ intercalation/plating kinetics as well as the inner mechanisms of Li plating especially in 3 extreme conditions (high state-of-charge, high charging-rate, and low temperature) are highly desirable to investigate Li plating comprehensively. Meanwhile, issues induced by Li plating, detection methods of Li deposition and knowledge gaps are identified for the follow-up research directions of Li plating in LIBs.
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Keywords:
- Graphite /
- Solid electrolyte interphase /
- Lithium intercalation /
- Lithium plating /
- Lithium-ion batteries /
- Fast charging /
- Safety
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Author Biographies
Yi Yang received his B.E. degree from Sun Yue-Qi Honors College in China University of Mining and Technology (2020). Presently, he is a Ph.D. student in Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science (ARIMS), Beijing Institute of Technology, under the supervision of Prof. Jia-Qi Huang. His current research interests focus on the fast charging and the Li plating issue of graphite anode. 
Lei Xu received his B.E. degree in Chemical Engineering from Beijing Institute of Technology in 2018. Then, he joined Prof. Jia-Qi Huang’s group as a Ph.D. student at Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science (ARIMS), Beijing Institute of Technology. His research interest focuses on the interfacial behavior towards fast-charging batteries and the safety of lithium-ion batteries. 
Chong Yan received his bachelor’s (2013) and master’s (2017) degrees from Henan Normal University and got his PhD degrees (2020) at Beijing Institute of Technology. He had done his postdoctoral research at Tsinghua University for two years. He is currently an associate professor in Advanced Research Institute of Multi-disciplinary Science (ARIMS) in Beijing Institute of Technology. His research focuses on the fast-charging technology of lithium-ion batteries and the Nano-sized formation mechanism of electrode/electrolyte interface. 
Jia-Qi Huang received his BEng (2007) and PhD (2012) degrees in Chemical Engineering from Tsinghua University, China. He is currently a professor in Advanced Research Institute of Multi-disciplinary Science (ARIMS) in Beijing Institute of Technology. His research interests focus on the interface phenomenon and design strategies for high-energy density rechargeable batteries, including Li–S batteries, Li metal batteries, etc. 
Qiang Zhang received his bachelor’s and PhD degrees from Tsinghua University in 2004 and 2009, respectively. After spending some time at Case Western Reserve University, USA, and Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Germany, he was appointed as a faculty member at Tsinghua University in 2011. His interests are focused on energy materials, including Li–S batteries, Li metal anode, 3D graphene, and electro-catalysts. He was awarded The National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars, Young Top-Notch Talent from China, and Newton Advanced Fellowship from the Royal Society, UK. Currently, he is an associate editor of the Journal of Energy Chemistry and Energy Storage Materials. -
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Received Date:
26 September 2022
Accepted Date:
27 September 2022
Available Online:
26 October 2022
Publish Date:
20 January 2023
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Yi Yang, Lei Xu, Chong Yan, Jiaqi Huang, Qiang Zhang. Towards the intercalation and lithium plating mechanism for high safety and fast-charging lithium-ion batteries: a review[J]. Energy Lab, 2023, 1(1): 220011. doi: 10.54227/elab.20220011
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Figure 1.
Schematic drawing of lithium plating on graphite electrode.
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Figure 2.
a Schematic of the graphite structure with two different stacking sequences including ABAB (2H) and ABCABC (3R). And ABA stacking is the main types of graphite. b The different lithium intercalation stages and phase transition regimes in the second cycle.[38] Copyright 2018, American Chemical Society. c The colour and structure of stages 1L, 3L, 2, 1.[51] Copyright 2021, Elsevier. d Rietveld refinement results for the second cycle: interlayer spacing dC−C vs. lithium content.[38] Copyright 2018, American Chemical Society.
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Figure 3.
a Schematic of the SEI formation process on graphite surface.[55] Copyright 2016, Elsevier. b Curve of potential and mass change during the formation of SEI on graphite surface.[56] Copyright 2018, Springer Nature. c In-situ AFM image of graphite cathode surface during potential change.[56] Copyright 2018, Springer Nature. d The traditional mosaic model to describe the SEI with multiple organic/inorganic components.[65] Copyright 1997, IOP Publishing. e Schematic diagram of SEI layered structure model.[66] Copyright 2000, Elsevier.
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Figure 4.
a Schematic diagram of Li-ion intercalated into graphite during charging.[48] Copyright 2010, American Chemical Society. b Energy diagram corresponding to the 4 sequential steps of a.
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Figure 5.
Cognitive process of Li intercalation kinetics and Li plating in past 50 years. The copyright claims for the images are listed in the order of the year mentioned.[87] Copyright 2007, American Chemical Society.[43] Copyright 2020, Royal Society of Chemistry.[51] Copyright 2021, Elsevier.[103] Copyright 2022, John Wiley and Sons.
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Figure 6.
Simplified model of the lithium plating-stripping process at different SOC levels.[108] Copyright 2014, Elsevier.
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Figure 7.
a Reaction energy landscape before plating occurs (left) and after plating starts (right).[51] Copyright 2021, Elsevier. b Detecting the onset of Li plating at 4C, 3C, and 2C in graphite/Li cells by using differential OCVs.[112] Copyright 2020, American Chemical Society. c Relationship between the activation energies associated with so-called charge-transfer process and the EC/Li molar ratio: the relationship between Li+ solvation sheath composition and the EC content in the solution.[87] Copyright 2007, American Chemical Society.
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Figure 8.
a Ageing mechanisms related to Li deposition in Li-ion cells.[29] Copyright 2018, Elsevier. b Chain reactions of the thermal runaway process in fast charged LIBs.[19] Copyright 2019, Elsevier.
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Figure 9.
Li plating detection methods based on different techniques. a High precision coulometry.[130] Copyright 2015, IOP Publishing. b Differential voltage analysis (DVA), and differential capacity analysis (DCA).[108] Copyright 2014, Elsevier. c Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) analysis and voltages of post-charge relaxation profiles.[150] Copyright 2020, Elsevier.
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Figure 10.
a Raw data of the diffraction reflections of LiC12 and LiC6 by using in-situ neutron diffraction (ND).[161] Copyright 2017, Elsevier. b Diffraction data recorded at the beginning and end of this period with the tool of in-situ ND.[162] Copyright 2014, Elsevier. c The mapping of Li density vs. time from operando neutron depth profiling (NDP) during the first plating and stripping cycle.[163] Copyright 2018, Springer Nature.
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Figure 11.
a The Li distribution map over the cross-sectional area of the anode at a particular time (SOC) by using in-situ spatially-resolved X-ray diffraction (XRD).[165] Copyright 2020, Elsevier. b The in-situ depth-resolved XRD to obtain spatial maps of Li over the anode, as a function of time (SOC).[166] Copyright 2020, Royal Society of Chemistry.
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Figure 12.
a Spatial maps from a graphite anode over cycling as a function of the sputtering depth by using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS).[107] Copyright 2017, American Chemical Society. b Spatial maps from surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) using Raman-active Li2C2.[174] Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society. c Quantification of inactive Li and SEI species on graphite electrodes after fast charging utilizing titration gas chromatography (TGC).[109] Copyright 2020, American Chemical Society.
