| Citation: |
Yongjian Liu, Long Li, Xingshu Liao, Jinfeng Huang, Dan Liu, Jinping Liu. Sulfur cathodes for sulfide electrolyte-based all-solid-sate batteries: a review[J]. Energy Lab. doi: 10.54227/elab.20250004
|
Sulfur cathodes for sulfide electrolyte-based all-solid-sate batteries: a review
-
Abstract
Lithium-sulfur batteries promise next-generation high-energy and low-cost battery technologies. By substituting conventional liquid ether-based electrolytes with sulfide solid-state electrolytes, all-solid-state lithium-sulfur batteries (ASSLSBs) enable sulfur redox chemistry to escape from a dilemma between reaction kinetics-required polysulfide dissolving and resulting polysulfide shuttling. However, sulfur cathodes in sulfide-based ASSLSBs confront persistent scientific and technical challenges, including intrinsically sluggish reaction kinetics associated with sulfur's insulating properties, suboptimal solid-solid interfaces exacerbated by sulfur conversion-induced significant volume fluctuations, carbon additive-promoted electrolyte decomposition at elevated potentials, and tortuous carrier transport paths within composite cathodes. This comprehensive review first introduces the electrochemical mechanisms governing sulfur redox chemistry in sulfide ASSLSBs and critically analyzes the limitations of sulfur-based cathodes. We also summarize the recent advances in developing and optimizing sulfur cathodes. Finally, we propose forward-looking perspectives on material innovation and architectural optimization to guide the future development of high-performance sulfur cathodes for practical solid-state battery applications.
-
-
Author Biographies
Dan Liu received his Ph.D. in Material Physics and Chemistry from Wuhan University of Technology of China in 2011. From 2016 to 2017, he did postdoctoral research at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee (UWM) in America. He is now an Associate Professor at the School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology. His research interests mainly focus on the material design and preparation for all-solid-state lithium-sulfur batteries and sodium-ion batteries. 
Jinping Liu received his Ph.D. degree from Central China Normal University (CCNU) in June 2009. During the period of 2008–2011, he did visiting and postdoctoral research at Nanyang Technological University (NTU) in Singapore. He is currently Chair Professor at Wuhan University of Technology and Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry (FRSC). The research interests in Dr. Liu's group include solid-state batteries, aqueous batteries, and supercapacitors. -
References
1. R. Schmuch, R. Wagner, G. Hörpel, T. Placke, M. Winter, Nat. Energy, 2018, 3, 267 2. J. W. Choi, D. Aurbach, Nat. Rev. Mater., 2016, 1, 16013 3. Y. Zhang, Q. Y. Huo, P. P. Du, L. Z. Wang, A. Q. Zhang, Y. H. Song, Y. Lv, G. Y. Li, Synth. Met., 2012, 162, 1315 4. Y. Lyu, X. Wu, K. Wang, Z. Feng, T. Cheng, Y. Liu, M. Wang, R. Chen, L. Xu, J. Zhou, Y. Lu, B. Guo, Adv. Energy Mater., 2021, 11, 2000982 5. Y. Wu, L. Xie, H. Ming, Y. Guo, J. -Y. Hwang, W. Wang, X. He, L. Wang, H. N. Alshareef, Y. K. Sun, J. Ming, ACS Energy Lett., 2020, 5, 807 6. C. Gong, Z. Xue, S. Wen, Y. Ye, X. Xie, J. Power Sources, 2016, 318, 93 7. M. T. McDowell, S. W. Lee, W. D. Nix, Y. Cui, Adv. Mater., 2013, 25, 4966 8. H. Wu, Y. Cui, Nano Today, 2012, 7, 414 9. J. M. Tarascon, M. Armand, Nature, 2001, 414, 359 10. Y. Zhu, X. He, Y. Mo, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2015, 7, 23685 11. X. Nie, J. Hu, C. Li, Interdiscip. Mater., 2023, 2, 365 12. N. Kamaya, K. Homma, Y. Yamakawa, M. Hirayama, R. Kanno, M. Yonemura, T. Kamiyama, Y. Kato, S. Hama, K. Kawamoto, A. Mitsui, Nat. Mater., 2011, 10, 682 13. T. Kim, K. Kim, S. Lee, G. Song, M. S. Jung, K. T. Lee, Chem. Mater., 2022, 34, 9159 14. S. Wang, Y. Wu, T. Ma, L. Chen, H. Li, F. Wu, ACS Nano, 2022, 16, 16158 15. X. Rui, D. Ren, X. Liu, X. Wang, K. Wang, Y. Lu, L. Li, P. Wang, G. Zhu, Y. Mao, X. Feng, L. Lu, H. Wang, M. Ouyang, Energy Environ. Sci., 2023, 16, 3552 16. N. Nakamura, S. Ahn, T. Momma, T. Osaka, J. Power Sources, 2023, 558, 232566 17. Z. Wang, Y. Li, H. Ji, J. Zhou, T. Qian, C. Yan, Adv. Mater., 2022, 34, 2203699 18. T. Meng, J. C. Chang, J. H. Zhu, N. Li, M. W. Xu, C. M. Li, J. Jiang, J. Mater. Chem. A, 2020, 8, 11976 19. N. Li, C. Sun, J. H. Zhu, S. Li, Y. L. Wang, M. W. Xu, C. M. Li, J. Jiang, Energy Environ. Mater., 2023, 6, e12354 20. Y. V. Mikhaylik, J. R. Akridge, J. Electrochem. Soc., 2004, 151, A1969 21. N. Machida, K. Kobayashi, Y. Nishikawa, T. Shigematsu, Solid State Ionics, 2004, 175, 247 22. N. Li, T. Meng, L. Ma, H. Zhang, J. J. Yao, M. W. Xu, C. M. Li, J. Jiang, Nano-Micro Lett., 2020, 12, 145 23. C. Sun, J. H. Zhu, B. Liu, M. W. Xu, J. Jiang, T. Yu, ACS Energy Lett., 2023, 8, 772 24. W. Xue, Z. Shi, L. Suo, C. Wang, Z. Wang, H. Wang, K. P. So, A. Maurano, D. Yu, Y. Chen, L. Qie, Z. Zhu, G. Xu, J. Kong, J. Li, Nat. Energy, 2019, 4, 374 25. A. Manthiram, Y. Fu, S. H. Chung, C. Zu, Y. S. Su, Chem. Rev., 2014, 114, 11751 26. Y. Yang, G. Zheng, Y. Cui, Chem. Soc. Rev., 2013, 42, 3018 27. D. Cao, X. Sun, F. Li, S. M. Bak, T. Ji, M. Geiwitz, K. S. Burch, Y. Du, G. Yang, H. Zhu, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2023, 62, e202302363 28. J. T. Kim, A. Rao, H. -Y. Nie, Y. Hu, W. Li, F. Zhao, S. Deng, X. Hao, J. Fu, J. Luo, H. Duan, C. Wang, C. V. Singh, X. Sun, Nat. Commun., 2023, 14, 6404 29. J. T. Kim, X. Hao, C. Wang, X. Sun, Matter, 2023, 6, 316 30. J. B. Gu, W. X. Hu, Y. Q. Wu, F. C. Ren, Z. T. Liang, H. Y. Zhong, X. F. Zheng, R. Q. Ma, Y. Luo, X. X. Chen, J. W. Shi, Y. Yang, Chem. Mater., 2024, 36, 4403 31. X. Sun, Q. Li, D. Cao, Y. Wang, A. Anderson, H. Zhu, Small, 2022, 18, 2105678 32. X. X. Zhu, W. Jiang, S. Zhao, R. Z. Huang, M. Ling, C. D. Liang, L. G. Wang, Nano Energy, 2022, 96, 107093 33. D. Wang, B. Gwalani, D. Wierzbicki, V. Singh, L.-J. Jhang, T. Rojas, R. Kou, M. Liao, L. Ye, H. Jiang, S. Shan, A. Silver, A. T. Ngo, Y. Du, X. Li, D. Wang, Nat. Mater., 2025, 24, 243 34. A. Unemoto, T. Ikeshoji, S. Yasaku, M. Matsuo, V. Stavila, T. J. Udovic, Chem. Mater., 2015, 27, 5407 35. W. X. Ji, X. X. Zhang, D. Zheng, H. Huang, T. H. Lambert, D. Y. Qu, Adv. Funct. Mater., 2022, 32, 2202919 36. H. Wan, G. Liu, Y. Li, W. Weng, J. P. Mwizerwa, Z. Tian, L. Chen, X. Yao, ACS Nano, 2019, 13, 9551 37. X. X. Zhu, W. Jiang, L. G. Wang, J. Lu, Adv. Energy Mater., 2024, 14, 2304244 38. B. S. Zhao, L. Wang, S. Liu, G. R. Li, X. P. Gao, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2022, 14, 1212 39. B. S. Zhao, P. Chen, X. P. Gao, Sci. China Mater., 2023, 66, 513 40. B. S. Zhao, L. Wang, P. Chen, S. Liu, G. R. Li, N. Xu, M. T. Wu, X. P. Gao, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2021, 13, 34477 41. H. Pan, M. Zhang, Z. Cheng, H. Jiang, J. Yang, P. Wang, P. He, H. Zhou, Sci. Adv., 2022, 8, eabn4372 42. Y. S. Oh, M. Kim, S. Kang, J.-Y. Park, H.-T. Lim, Chem. Eng. J., 2022, 442, 136229 43. J. K. Hu, H. Yuan, S. J. Yang, Y. Lu, S. Sun, J. Liu, Y. L. Liao, S. Li, C. Z. Zhao, J. Q. Huang, J. Energy Chem., 2022, 71, 612 44. G. L. Zhu, C. Z. Zhao, H. J. Peng, H. Yuan, J. K. Hu, H. X. Nan, Y. Lu, X. Y. Liu, J. Q. Huang, C. A. X. He, J. Zhang, Q. Zhang, Adv. Funct. Mater., 2021, 31, 2101985 45. Q. Zhang, N. Huang, Z. Huang, L. T. Cai, J. H. Wu, X. Y. Yao, J. Energy Chem., 2020, 40, 151 46. Z. J. Wu, Z. K. Xie, A. Yoshida, X. W. An, Z. D. Wang, X. G. Hao, A. Abudula, G. Q. Guan, Chem. Eng. J., 2020, 380, 122419 47. J. P. Mwizerwa, Q. Zhang, F. Han, H. Wan, L. Cai, C. Wang, X. Yao, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2020, 12, 18519 48. A. Kızılaslan, Ş. Efe, H. Akbulut, J. Solid State Electrochem., 2020, 24, 2279 49. L. P. Hou, H. Yuan, C. Z. Zhao, L. Xu, G. L. Zhu, H. X. Nan, X. B. Cheng, Q. B. Liu, C. X. He, J. Q. Huang, Q. Zhang, Energy Storage Mater., 2020, 25, 436 50. C. Yu, J. Hageman, S. Ganapathy, L. van Eijck, L. Zhang, K. R. Adair, X. L. Sun, M. Wagemaker, J. Mater. Chem. A, 2019, 7, 10412 51. J. Yi, L. Chen, Y. Liu, H. Geng, L. Z. Fan, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2019, 11, 36774 52. A. Sakuda, Y. Sato, A. Hayashi, M. Tatsumisago, Energy Technol., 2019, 7, 1900077 53. Q. G. Han, X. L. Li, X. X. Shi, H. Z. Zhang, D. W. Song, F. Ding, L. Q. Zhang, J. Mater. Chem. A, 2019, 7, 3895 54. P. Bonnick, K. Niitani, M. Nose, K. Suto, T. S. Arthur, J. Muldoon, J. Mater. Chem. A, 2019, 7, 24173 55. Y. B. Zhang, T. Liu, Q. H. Zhang, X. Zhang, S. Wang, X. Z. Wang, L. L. Li, L. Z. Fan, C. W. Nan, Y. Shen, J. Mater. Chem. A, 2018, 6, 23345 56. K. Suzuki, N. Mashirno, Y. Ikeda, T. Yokoi, M. Hirayama, R. Kanno, Acs Appl. Energy Mater., 2018, 1, 2373 57. K. Suzuki, D. Kato, K. Hara, T. Yano, M. Hirayama, M. Hara, R. Kanno, Electrochemistry, 2018, 86, 1 58. K. Suzuki, D. Kato, K. Hara, T. A. Yano, M. Hirayama, M. Hara, R. Kanno, Electrochim. Acta, 2017, 258, 110 59. X. Y. Yao, N. Huang, F. D. Han, Q. Zhang, H. L. Wan, J. P. Mwizerwa, C. S. Wang, X. X. Xu, Adv. Energy Mater., 2017, 7, 1602923 60. R. C. Xu, X. H. Xia, S. H. Li, S. Z. Zhang, X. L. Wang, J. P. Tu, J. Mater. Chem. A, 2017, 5, 6310 61. R. Xu, Z. Wu, S. Zhang, X. Wang, Y. Xia, X. Xia, X. Huang, J. Tu, Chem. Eur. J., 2017, 23, 13950 62. M. H. Chen, S. Adams, J. Solid State Electrochem., 2015, 19, 697 63. S. Kinoshita, K. Okuda, N. Machida, M. Naito, T. Sigematsu, Solid State Ionics, 2014, 256, 97 64. Z. Lin, Z. Liu, W. Fu, N. J. Dudney, C. Liang, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2013, 52, 7460 65. M. Nagao, A. Hayashi, M. Tatsumisago, Electrochim. Acta, 2011, 56, 6055 66. C. Wang, Y. Wu, J. Gao, X. Sun, Q. Zhao, W. Si, Y. Zhang, K. Wang, F. Zhao, T. Ohsaka, F. Matsumoto, C. Huang, J. Wu, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2023, 15, 40496 67. S. Jin, M. Wang, Y. Zhong, X. Wang, C. Gu, X. Xia, J. Tu, Mater. Today Sustainability, 2023, 21, 100281 68. M. Yamamoto, S. Goto, R. Tang, K. Nomura, Y. Hayasaka, Y. Yoshioka, M. Ito, M. Morooka, H. Nishihara, T. Kyotani, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2021, 13, 38613 69. D. Wang, L. J. Jhang, R. Kou, M. Liao, S. Zheng, H. Jiang, P. Shi, G. X. Li, K. Meng, D. Wang, Nat. Commun., 2023, 14, 1895 70. Y. Luo, S. Pan, J. Tian, Y. Liang, H. Zhong, R. Ma, J. Gu, Y. Wu, H. Zhang, H. Lin, W. Huang, Y. Deng, Y. Su, Z. Gong, J. Huang, Z. Hu, Y. Yang, Adv. Mater., 2024, 36, 2413325 71. Y. Zhang, M. Lv, Y. Chen, L. Zhou, J. Zhuo, J. Zhang, E. Fu, P. Chen, X. Gao, Cell Rep. Phys. Sci., 2024, 5, 102293 72. Z. Lv, J. Liu, C. Li, J. Peng, C. Zheng, X. Zheng, Y. Wu, M. Xia, H. Zhong, Z. Gong, Y. Yang, eTransportation, 2024, 19, 100298 73. S. Ohno, W. G. Zeier, Acc. Mater. Res., 2021, 2, 869 74. X. Zhu, L. Wang, Z. Bai, J. Lu, T. Wu, Nano-Micro Lett., 2023, 15, 75 75. W. P. Wang, J. Zhang, J. Chou, Y. -X. Yin, Y. You, S. Xin, Y. G. Guo, Adv Energy Mater., 2021, 11, 2000791 76. B. B. Gicha, L. T. Tufa, N. Nwaji, X. Hu, J. Lee, Nano-Micro Lett., 2024, 16, 172 77. R. Koerver, W. Zhang, L. de Biasi, S. Schweidler, A. O. Kondrakov, S. Kolling, T. Brezesinski, P. Hartmann, W. G. Zeier, J. Janek, Energy Environ. Sci., 2018, 11, 2142 78. D. H. S. Tan, E. A. Wu, H. Nguyen, Z. Chen, M. A. T. Marple, J.-M. Doux, X. Wang, H. Yang, A. Banerjee, Y. S. Meng, ACS Energy Lett., 2019, 4, 2418 79. L. E. Camacho-Forero, P. B. Balbuena, Chem. Mater., 2020, 32, 360 80. S. Ohno, R. Koerver, G. Dewald, C. Rosenbach, P. Titscher, D. Steckermeier, A. Kwade, J. Janek, W. G. Zeier, Chem. Mater., 2019, 31, 2930 81. B. Ding, J. Wang, Z. Fan, S. Chen, Q. Lin, X. Lu, H. Dou, A. Kumar Nanjundan, G. Yushin, X. Zhang, Y. Yamauchi, Mater. Today, 2020, 40, 114 82. G. F. Dewald, S. Ohno, J. G. C. Hering, J. Janek, W. G. Zeier, Batteries Supercaps, 2020, 4, 183 83. H. A. Hoang, D. Kim, Small, 2022, 18, 2202963 84. X. Yang, J. Luo, X. Sun, Chem. Soc. Rev., 2020, 49, 2140 85. H. Wang, X. Cao, W. Liu, X. Sun, Front. Energy Res., 2019, 7, 112 86. Z. Lin, C. Liang, J. Mater. Chem. A, 2015, 3, 936 87. H. Yan, H. Wang, D. Wang, X. Li, Z. Gong, Y. Yang, Nano Lett., 2019, 19, 3280 88. D. H. Wang, Y. Q. Wu, X. F. Zheng, S. J. Tang, Z. L. Gong, Y. Yang, J. Power Sources, 2020, 479, 228792 89. J. Wu, S. Liu, F. Han, X. Yao, C. Wang, Adv. Mater., 2021, 33, 2000751 90. L. Yang, X. Huang, C. Zou, X. Tao, L. Liu, K. Luo, P. Zeng, Q. Dai, Y. Li, L. Yi, Z. Luo, X. Wang, Ceram. Int., 2021, 47, 18196 91. H. Sul, A. J. A. E. L. Manthiram, ACS Energy Lett., 2024, 9, 5562 92. P. Lu, Y. Xia, G. Sun, D. Wu, S. Wu, W. Yan, X. Zhu, J. Lu, Q. Niu, S. Shi, Z. Sha, L. Chen, H. Li, F. Wu, Nat. Commun., 2023, 14, 4077 93. H. Song, K. Münch, X. Liu, K. Shen, R. Zhang, T. Weintraut, Y. Yusim, D. Jiang, X. Hong, J. Meng, Y. Liu, M. He, Y. Li, P. Henkel, T. Brezesinski, J. Janek, Q. Pang, Nature, 2025, 637, 846 94. J. M. Whiteley, S. Hafner, S. S. Han, S. C. Kim, K. H. Oh, S.-H. Lee, Adv Energy Mater., 2016, 6, 1600495 95. M. Li, T. Liu, Z. Shi, W. Xue, Y. S. Hu, H. Li, X. Huang, J. Li, L. Suo, L. Chen, Adv. Mater., 2021, 33, 2008723 96. M. Li, H. Pan, T. Liu, X. Xiong, X. Yu, Y.-S. Hu, H. Li, X. Huang, L. Suo, L. Chen, ACS Energy Lett., 2022, 7, 766 97. C. Y. Kwok, S. Xu, I. Kochetkov, L. Zhou, L. F. Nazar, Energy Environ. Sci., 2023, 16, 610 98. Y. Lu, C.-Z. Zhao, H. Yuan, J.-K. Hu, J.-Q. Huang, Q. Zhang, Matter, 2022, 5, 876 99. C. Zheng, K. Wang, L. Li, H. Huang, C. Liang, Y. Gan, X. He, W. Zhang, J. Zhang, Front. Energy Res., 2021, 8, 606494 100. D. Cao, Q. Li, X. Sun, Y. Wang, X. Zhao, E. Cakmak, W. Liang, A. Anderson, S. Ozcan, H. Zhu, Adv. Mater., 2021, 33, 2105505 101. W. Jiang, L. Yan, X. Zeng, X. Meng, R. Huang, X. Zhu, M. Ling, C. Liang, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2020, 12, 54876 102. S. B. Hong, Y. J. Lee, U. H. Kim, C. Bak, Y. M. Lee, W. Cho, H. J. Hah, Y. K. Sun, D. W. Kim, ACS Energy Lett., 2022, 7, 1092 103. X. Li, J. Zai, S. Xiang, Y. Liu, X. He, Z. Xu, K. Wang, Z. Ma, X. Qian, Adv. Energy Mater., 2016, 6, 1601056 104. H. Wan, B. Zhang, S. Liu, J. Zhang, X. Yao, C. Wang, Nano Lett., 2021, 21, 8488 105. J. Gao, Y. Gao, J. Hao, X. Sun, F. Zhao, Y. Zhang, W. Si, J. Wu, Small, 2024, 20, 2404171 106. H. Zhong, Y. Su, Y. Wu, J. Gu, R. Ma, Y. Luo, H. Lin, M. Tao, J. Chen, Z. Liang, K. Wang, X. Zheng, Z. Chen, J. Peng, Z. Lv, Z. Gong, J. Huang, Y. Yang, Adv. Energy Mater., 2023, 13, 2300767 107. J. Wu, H. Ye, Y. Hu, W. Huang, X. Zhu, W. Chang, Y. Li, B. Pan, Y. Li, J. Lu, Adv. Mater., 2024, 36, 2411525 108. P. Chong, Z. Zhou, K. Wang, W. Zhai, Y. Li, J. Wang, M. Wei, Batteries, 2022, 9, 26 109. M. Yang, Y. Yao, M. Chang, F. Tian, W. Xie, X. Zhao, Y. Yu, X. Yao, Adv. Energy Mater., 2023, 13, 2300962 110. Justin M. Whiteley, S. Hafner, S. S. Han, S. C. Kim, V.-D. Le, C. Ban, Y. H. Kim, K. H. Oh, S. H. Lee, J. Mater. Chem. A, 2017, 5, 15661 111. Q. H. Wang, K. Kalantar-Zadeh, A. Kis, J. N. Coleman, M. S. Strano, Nat. Nanotechnol., 2012, 7, 699 112. J. E. Trevey, C. R. Stoldt, S.-H. Lee, J. Electrochem. Soc., 2011, 158, A1282 113. D. Y. Oh, Y. E. Choi, D. H. Kim, Y. G. Lee, B. S. Kim, J. Park, H. Sohn, Y. S. Jung, J. Mater. Chem. A, 2016, 4, 10329 114. H. Gao, Y. Chen, S. Wang, J. Li, D. Qu, H. Tang, D. Liu, J. Energy Storage, 2024, 99, 113435 115. T. Matsuyama, A. Hayashi, T. Ozaki, S. Mori, M. Tatsumisago, J. Ceram. Soc. Jpn., 2016, 124, 242 116. Y. Hu, Z. Sun, Z. Zhang, S. Liu, F. He, Y. Liu, Z. Zhuang, F. Liu, Adv. Energy Mater., 2022, 13, 2202756 117. P. Lu, Y. Xia, Y. Huang, Z. Li, Y. Wu, X. Wang, G. Sun, S. Shi, Z. Sha, L. Chen, H. Li, F. Wu, Adv. Funct. Mater., 2022, 33, 2211211 118. M. Chang, J. Jia, G. Liu, J. Zhang, N. Wang, Y. Zhou, P. Cui, T. Wu, X. Yao, Chem. Commun., 2024, 60, 11580 119. L. Zhou, M. K. Tufail, L. Yang, N. Ahmad, R. J. Chen, W. Yang, Chem. Eng. J., 2020, 391, 123529 120. S. M. Hosseini, A. Varzi, S. Ito, Y. Aihara, S. Passerini, Energy Storage Mater., 2020, 27, 61 121. B. Hennequart, M. Deschamps, R. Chometon, B. Leube, R. Dugas, E. Quemin, P. E. Cabelguen, C. Lethien, J.-M. Tarascon, ACS Appl. Energy Mater., 2023, 6, 8521 122. A. Kızılaslan, A. Waleed Majeed Al-Ogaili, H. Akbulut, Chem. Eng. J., 2022, 450, 138050 123. K. Liu, H. Zhao, D. Ye, J. Zhang, Chem. Eng. J., 2021, 417, 129309 124. J. Wang, J. Yang, J. Xie, N. Xu, Adv. Mater., 2002, 14, 963 125. H. Yang, J. Chen, J. Yang, J. Wang, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 2020, 59, 7306 126. J. E. Trevey, J. R. Gilsdorf, C. R. Stoldt, S.-H. Lee, P. Liu, J. Electrochem. Soc., 2012, 159, A1019 127. Y. Y. Zhang, Y. L. Sun, L. F. Peng, J. Q. Yang, H. H. Jia, Z. R. Zhang, B. Shan, J. Xie, Energy Storage Mater., 2019, 21, 287 128. W. Zhang, Y. Y. Zhang, L. F. Peng, S. P. Li, X. M. Wang, S. J. Cheng, J. Xie, Nano Energy, 2020, 76, 105083 129. S. Yang, B. Wang, Q. Lv, N. Zhang, Z. Zhang, Y. Jing, J. Li, R. Chen, B. Wu, P. Xu, D. Wang, Chin. Chem. Lett., 2022, 34, 107783 130. A. S. Alzahrani, M. Otaki, D. Wang, Y. Gao, T. S. Arthur, S. Liu, D. Wang, ACS Energy Lett., 2021, 6, 413 131. J. P. Malugani, G. Robert, Solid State Ionics, 1980, 1, 519 132. Z. Liu, Y. Zhang, J. Hao, Y. Zhu, X. Guo, L. Li, G. Sly, H. Wang, Inorg. Chem. Commun., 2020, 112, 107761 133. Y. Fujita, T. Hakari, A. Sakuda, M. Deguchi, Y. Kawasaki, H. Tsukasaki, S. Mori, M. Tatsumisago, A. Hayashi, ACS Appl. Energy Mater., 2022, 5, 9429 134. J. Zhou, M. L. Holekevi Chandrappa, S. Tan, S. Wang, C. Wu, H. Nguyen, C. Wang, H. Liu, S. Yu, Q. R. S. Miller, G. Hyun, J. Holoubek, J. Hong, Y. Xiao, C. Soulen, Z. Fan, E. E. Fullerton, C. J. Brooks, C. Wang, R. J. Clément, Y. Yao, E. Hu, S. P. Ong, P. Liu, Nature, 2024, 627, 301 135. J. Peng, X. Zheng, Y. Wu, C. Li, Z. Lv, C. Zheng, J. Liu, H. Zhong, Z. Gong, Y. Yang, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 2023, 15, 20191 136. Y. Hu, Y. Liu, Y. Lu, Z. Zhang, S. Liu, F. He, Y. Liu, Y. Chen, F. Liu, Adv. Funct. Mater., 2024, 35, 2412070 137. L. Cui, S. Zhang, J. Ju, T. Liu, Y. Zheng, J. Xu, Y. Wang, J. Li, J. Zhao, J. Ma, J. Wang, G. Xu, T. S. Chan, Y. C. Huang, S. C. Haw, J.-M. Chen, Z. Hu, G. Cui, Nat. Energy, 2024, 9, 1084 138. M. Fiedler, S. Cangaz, F. Hippauf, S. Dörfler, T. Abendroth, H. Althues, S. Kaskel, Adv. Sustainable Syst., 2023, 7, 2200439 139. M. Iwao, H. Miyamoto, H. Nakamura, E. Hayakawa, S. Ohsaki, S. Watano, Adv. Energy Sustainability Res., 2023, 5, 2200206 -
Rights and permissions
This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Figures(13)
Tables(1)
Information
Article Metrics
Export File
Citation
Yongjian Liu, Long Li, Xingshu Liao, Jinfeng Huang, Dan Liu, Jinping Liu. Sulfur cathodes for sulfide electrolyte-based all-solid-sate batteries: a review[J]. Energy Lab. doi: 10.54227/elab.20250004
Format
Content
DownLoad:
-
Figure 1.
Schematic illustration of challenges and optimization strategies of sulfur cathodes for ASSLSBs with sulfide SSEs.
-
Figure 2.
Schematic of typical charge-discharge curves, and reaction mechanisms of Li-S batteries using a ether-based liquid electrolytes and b sulfide SSEs.[27–29] Copyright 2023, Wiley-VCH. Copyright 2023, Cell Press.
-
Figure 3.
a Schematic of an ASSLSB equipped with a pressure sensor and b the corresponding discharge-charge profiles and measured pressure changes. c Cross-sectional scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of composite sulfur cathode and SEE layers before and after 100 cycles.[37] Copyright 2024, Wiley-VCH.
-
Figure 4.
a CV curves and b galvanostatic discharge-charge voltage profiles of Li-In|Li6PS5Cl|LiP6S5Cl-C half cell for initial two cycles in a voltage window of 0−4.2 V vs. Li+/Li. c Redox decomposition path of Li6PS5Cl.[78] Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society. d Possible reactions between sulfide-based SSE and elemental S CAM.[79] Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society.
-
Figure 5.
a SEM images of S@CNTs and S@P-CNTs and b cycling performance of S@P-CNTs.[66] Copyright 2023, American Chemical Society. c Structural features of PPCF and PPCF-S and schematic of component distribution and charge transport in PPCF-S.[31] Copyright 2020, Elsevier. d Forming a better conductive network with hCNC material.[70] Copyright 2024, Wiley-VCH.
-
Figure 6.
a Schematic of the effect of SSE-sulfur cathode compatibility on ion transportation.[32] Copyright 2022, Elsevier. b Generation rate of H2S and XRD of Li6.8Si0.8As0.2S5I after exposure to air for different durations.[92] Copyright 2023, Springer Nature. c Schematic of the effect of SSE volumetric fraction and particle size on ion transportation.[69] Copyright 2023, Springer Nature.
-
Figure 7.
a Schematic of conventional and dual-phased sulfur cathodes.[33] Copyright 2025, Springer Nature. b Comparison of first-cycle discharge curves and SEM images of MIEC Mo6S8-S (MS-S) electrode and routine three-component sulfur electrode.[96] Copyright 2022, American Chemical Society. c Schematic of the mechanism of VS2 promoting Li2S conversion.[97] Copyright 2023, Royal Society of Chemistry.
-
Figure 8.
a Catalytic mechanism of Co doping on FeS2 cathode material.[36] Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society. b Catalytic mechanism of LiI-LiBr on MoS2 cathode material.[104] Copyright 2021, American Chemical Society. c Catalytic mechanism of Co-N4 unit on S/Li2S conversion.[106] Copyright 2023, Wiley-VCH.
-
Figure 9.
a Predicted GEDs by considering reversible specific capacities and average output voltages of TMS CAMs.[109] Copyright 2023, Wiley-VCH. b SEM images of LTS composite cathodes at pristine and after 1, 100, and 350 cycles.[116] Copyright 2022, Wiley-VCH. c Advantages of FeS2 as an ASSB cathode.[117] Copyright 2022, Wiley-VCH. d Schematic of the synthesis of LiI-doped MoS6 cathode.[118] Copyright 2024, Royal Society of Chemistry.
-
Figure 10.
a Schematic of interfacial electronic transportation of two S-CNT composites with sufficient and poor electronic contacts.[49] Copyright 2020, Elsevier. b Schematic of charge-discharge mechanism of Li2S-LiI solid solution.[133] Copyright 2022, American Chemical Society. c Cross-sectional SEM images of S9.3I cathode/SSE interface before cycling, after 50 cycles at 25 °C, and after reheating at 100 °C. d Cycling performance of S9.3I cathode.[134] Copyright 2024, Springer Nature.
-
Figure 11.
Schematic of charge-carrier conduction in a a conventional composite cathode and b a 100% active material cathode.[137] Copyright 2024, Springer Nature.
-
Figure 12.
Relationship between predicted GEDs and various battery parameters, including a sulfur content with sulfur loading from 2 to 10 mg cm−2, b sulfur loading with sulfur utilization from 50 to 100 %, c N/P ratio with sulfur loading from 2 to 10 mg cm−2, d thickness of Li6PS5Cl SSE with sulfur content from 30 to 70 wt%.
